1966: A Great Year for English Football and Flowcasting

Posted on September 2, 2026 by Mike Doherty

Nineteen Sixty-Six was a great year for English football (soccer). It was the year that England won the World Cup – their only world title to date. It was also a great year for English football as it’s the year that the great Eric Cantona was born.

Who’s Eric Cantona? He’s the forward that became the talisman that helped transform Manchester United into perennial English Premier League champions and help set United on a course for sustained dominance that few sports had ever seen. In a 26-year period, United won the title 13 times – still a record number of Premiership titles.

For us historians, 1966 was also a great year for Flowcasting.

What? Flowcasting hadn’t even been invented then, so what the hell am I talking about.

Most inventions/innovations are built on concepts and ideas that have come before them – with the innovator taking an idea or concept and looking at it from a different perspective to build something new. Flowcasting certainly followed this path.

Around 1966 a Czech-born American pioneer named Joseph Orlicky developed a fundamental concept called dependent demand – a concept that would become foundational to inventory management and the backbone of Flowcasting.

Dependent demand is a simple, powerful concept. It basically asserts that there are many product demands that can be calculated, or are dependent, from the demands of other products. Take many parts on a car, for example. Once you determine how many cars of a certain type you think you can sell, you can calculate a significant number of demands for products that are dependent on the finished-car forecast. Things like tires, hoses, clamps, etc., can all be calculated rather than forecasted.

Orlicky would use this fundamental construct to help design and implement what would become Materials Requirements Planning (MRP). The dependent demand concept would be used in what was referred to as a Bill of Material (BOM) – which outlined a complete list of raw materials, parts, components, and quantities needed to build a product.

In the mid to late 1970s, Andre Martin would leverage the concept of dependent demand to essentially develop the building blocks of what we now call Flowcasting.

He was intrigued with how to connect and plan a fully integrated supply chain from point of consumption to point of supply. He would take the Bill of Material idea and flip it, to create what could be called a Bill of Distribution – how a product would flow from supplier to store, based on the concept of dependent demand.

So, for a product sold by a retailer, if you forecasted what might sell in each store, you would use the Bill of Distribution to calculate what the DC would need to ship (essentially the demand plan for the DC) and then the DC could calculate what the supplier would need to ship and that could be shared with the supplier to help them plan. Regardless of how a product flows from supply to consumption, the only place a forecast would be required is the point of consumption – all other demands can be calculated from this based on the Bill of Distribution using the dependent demand concept.

Hence the concept of Flowcasting was born – yes, all the way back to the mid to late 1970s. And, fundamentally based on the concept of dependent demand.

1966 was a great year for English football.

Turns out, 1966 was also a great year for Flowcasting.

Thank you, Joe!

The Ultimate in Outside-In Planning

Posted on July 1, 2026 by Mike Doherty

“One of the paramount principles that is emphasized by the military is that ‘intelligence precedes operations.’ To avoid this fate [failure], we must learn the unnatural act of outside-in thinking.” — Willie Pietersen

Outside-in planning has gained some popularity over the past few years, with some notable analysts and consultants heeding its benefits. The concept is quite sensible: instead of building supply chain inventory flow plans from the “inside-out” using historical data, orders, and transactional milestones, outside-in planning uses market data to orchestrate inventory flow planning and operations.

Traditional supply chain management has long suffered from an “inside-out” blind spot. For decades, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers have operated in isolated silos. Each tier looks at its own historical sales or shipment data, makes an internal guess about the future, and pushes products down the line. The result is a highly fragmented network where minor fluctuations in consumer shopping habits amplify into massive, costly inventory gluts or severe stockouts at the factory level.

To survive in a market dictated by real-time customer behavior, businesses must adopt an outside-in mindset. True outside-in planning dictates that corporate strategy and execution must start with external market realities and work backward into the organization.

There is no purer operational expression of this philosophy than Flowcasting. By restructuring the entire supply network around a single, store-level (or webstore) forecast of consumer demand, Flowcasting serves as the ultimate outside-in planning mechanism.

At its core, Flowcasting is a demand-driven approach that integrates sales and supply chain activities into a unified, time-phased planning process. It operates on a revolutionary, yet deceptively simple tenet: never forecast what you can calculate.

In a traditional inside-out supply chain, a retail store forecasts its sales, the regional distribution center (DC) forecasts its shipments to the stores, and the manufacturing plant forecasts its shipments to the DC. This creates multiple versions of the truth, leading to compounding errors.

Flowcasting completely eliminates this guesswork by introducing Distribution Resource Planning (DRP) logic across the entire network. Instead of generating separate forecasts at every node, Flowcasting establishes a single consumer demand forecast at the point of sale (the ultimate “outside” signal). From that lone anchor, every upstream requirement—from retail shelf replenishment to warehouse capacity, and finally to supplier raw material procurement—is calculated using dependent demand logic.

Flowcasting mirrors the outside-in framework by starting at the absolute edge of the business environment and translating consumer behavior into synchronized corporate action:

Anchoring the Plan at the Consumer Edge
The process begins by generating a long-term time-phased prediction—typically spanning a 52-week horizon—of consumer sales for every single stock-keeping unit (SKU) at every individual retail store. This forecast is not built in an internal vacuum; it incorporates active external market variables such as localized promotions, competitive shifts, pricing changes, and seasonal shopping trends.
Working Backward with Arrival-Based Planning
Once the consumer demand forecast is established, Flowcasting applies an approach known as arrival-based planning. The planning system works backward from the retail shelf to figure out exactly when and where a product must arrive to prevent stockouts and maintain targeted levels of inventory. It balances current on-hand inventory and localized safety stock constraints to generate a dynamic schedule of future shipments.
Creating a Single Version of the Truth
Because every tier of the supply chain is linked through dependent demand, the store-level sales forecast automatically calculates the future volumes needed at the distribution centers, which in turn calculates what needs to be ordered from the manufacturer. This creates a single version of the truth. The retailer, distributor, and manufacturer are all planning their operations using the exact same set of numbers.
A Model of the Business
Because the calculated demand extends up to a year into the future, it gives all trading partners visibility into upcoming requirements. Businesses can translate these inventory flows into exact projections for:
• Labor & Staffing: Scheduling store receiving crews and warehouse picking shifts ahead of peak demand cycles.
• Logistics & Equipment: Booking freight capacity and optimizing warehouse floor layouts based on incoming volume.
• Capital & Finance: Aligning cash flow models and procurement budgets with highly accurate inventory projections.

When a company successfully transitions to Flowcasting, it builds a highly responsive operation that adapts automatically to consumer behavior.

By eliminating disconnected, independent forecasts, companies can reduce costly overstocks and eliminate destructive shelf stockouts. Upstream manufacturing facilities no longer suffer from erratic ordering patterns; they gain the stability required to optimize production lines. Ultimately, Flowcasting demonstrates that when a business stands in its customers’ shoes, starts with their actual demand, and plans backward, it creates a far more resilient and profitable ecosystem.

As a result, in my humble opinion, it truly is the ultimate in outside-in planning.

Covered in Warts

Posted on September 4, 2019 by Mike Doherty

It’s the early 1990’s and Joanne is down on her luck. A recently divorced, single mother who’s jobless, she decides to move back from England to Scotland to at least be closer to her sister and family.

During her working days in Manchester she had started scribbling some ideas and notes about a nonsensical book idea and, by the time she’d moved home, had three chapters written of a book. Once back near Edinburgh, she continued to write and improve her manuscript until she had a first draft completed in 1995 – fully five years from her first penned thoughts.

During the next two years she pitched the very rough manuscript to a dozen major publishers. They all rejected it and believed the story would not resonate with people and, as a result, sales would be dismal.

Undismayed she eventually convinced Bloomsbury to take a very small chance on the book – advancing her a paltry $1500 pounds and agreeing to print 1,000 copies, 500 of which would be sent to various libraries.

In 1997 and 1998 the book, Harry Potter by J. K. Rowling, would win both the Nestle Book award and the British Book Awards Children’s book of the year. That book would launch Rowling’s worldwide success and, to date, her books have sold over 400 million copies.

The eventual success of the Harry Potter series of books is very instructive for breakthroughs and innovation.

The most important breakthroughs—the ones that change the course of science, business, or history — are fragile. They rarely arrive dazzling everyone with their brilliance.

Instead, they often arrive covered in warts — the failures and seemingly obvious reasons they could never work that make them easy to dismiss. They travel through tunnels of skepticism and uncertainty, their champions often dismissed as crazy.

Luckily most of the champions of breakthrough items are what many would describe as loons – people that refuse to give up on their ideas and will work, over time, to smooth and eliminate the warts.

When it comes to supply chain planning innovation, you’d have to put Andre Martin into the loon category as well.

In the mid 1970’s Andre invented Distribution Resource Planning (DRP) and, along with his colleague Darryl Landvater, designed and implemented the first DRP system in 1978 – connecting distribution to manufacturing and changing planning paradigms forever.

Most folks don’t know but around that time Andre saw that the thinking of DRP could be extended to the retail supply chain – connecting the store to the factory using the principles of DRP and time-phased planning.

The idea, which has since morphed and labelled as Flowcasting, was covered in warts. During the course of the last 40 years Andre and Darryl have refined the thinking, smoothed the warts, eliminated dissention, educated an industry and, unbelievably, built a solution that enables Flowcasting.

I’ve been a convert and a colleague in the wart-reduction efforts over the last 25 years – experiencing first-hand the some irrational responses and views from, first, a large Canadian retailer, and more recently the market in general.

But, like JK, the warts are largely being exposed as pimples and people and retailers are seeing the light – the retail supply chain can only deliver if it’s connected from consumer to supplier – driven only by a forecast of consumer demand. Planned and managed using the principles of Flowcasting.

The lesson here is to realize that if you think you’ve got a breakthrough idea, there’s a good chance it’ll be covered in warts and will need time, effort, patience and determination to smooth and eliminate them.

It can, however, be done.

And you can do it.

Godspeed.